Lizard turtles alligator - family of dinosaur

Kamag-anak ng dinosaur na nabubuhay pa hanggang ngayon.

Lizard, turtles, alligator at explanation kung bakit kasama sya sa family ng dinosaur

Land form

"Lizard-Hipped" dinosaurs (Saurischians) had a hip structure similar to that of lizards. Oddly enough, these "Lizard-Hipped" dinosaurs were the ancestors of the birds.

Other anatomical features that characterize saurischians include an opening below the nostrils (called the subnarial foramen), an elongation on some neck vertebrae (resulting in long necks), a big thumb, an extra, wedge-shaped ankle bone (the astragalus), and many other distinctive features.

The oldest known dinosaurs are Saurischians from the mid-Triassic period, about 230 million years ago.

Saurischians included both meat and plant eaters.

Water Form

Paleontologists still haven't identified the exact family of prehistoric reptiles that spawned modern turtles and tortoises, but they do know one thing: it wasn't the placodonts. Lately, the bulk of the evidence points to an ancestral role for Eunotosaurus, a late Permian reptile whose wide, elongated ribs curved over its back (a striking adumbration of the hard shells of later turtles). Eunotosaurus itself seems to have been a pareiasaur, an obscure family of ancient reptiles the most notable member of which was the (completely unshelled) Scutosaurus.

The basic Crocodylia body form has been around for more than 180 million years, making alligators and crocodiles living dinosaurs. They share cold-blooded circulations that rely on the environment to heat and cool. Physical similarities, such as their rubbery skin and fierce teeth and claws are also apparent.

Pictures

Values and Tradition in Japan

Values and Tradition in Japan

Japanese values are cultural assumptions and ideals particular to Japanese culture. The honne/tatemae divide between public expression and private thoughts/feelings is considered to be of paramount importance in Japanese culture.

Japanese children learn from their earliest days that human fulfillment comes from close association with others. Children learn early to recognize that they are part of an interdependent society, beginning in the family and later extending to larger groups such as neighborhood, school, playground, community, and company.

In interpersonal relationships, most Japanese tend to avoid open competition and confrontation. Working with others requires self-control, but it carries the rewards of pride in contributing to the group, emotional security, and social identity. Wa (和), the notion of harmony within a group, requires an attitude of cooperation and a recognition of social roles. If each individual in the group understands personal obligations and empathizes with the situations of others, then the group as a whole benefits. Success can come only if all put forth their best individual efforts.

Working in a group in Japan requires the development of successful channels of communication, which reinforce group interdependence, and the sense of difference from those who are not members of the group.[citation needed] Yet social interaction beyond that which occurs with individuals with whom one lives and works is a necessity in contemporary society. If the exchange is brief and relatively insignificant, such as buying a newspaper, anonymity will be maintained. But if the relationship is expected to continue over a long period, whether in business, marriage, employment, or neighborhood, great care is likely to be invested in establishing and maintaining good relationships.

Japanese Gardens - The gardens in Japanese temples and shrines are inspired by the Shinto religion and the belief in an ideal state of harmony.

Japanese Architecture - Traditional Japanese Architecture is influenced by Buddhism and Shintoism. Earlier, people usually sat on the floor. Furniture only came into widespread use after the late nineteenth century.

Japanese Tea Ceremony - The Japanese ceremony of preparing and offering tea to revered guests is a formal and stylized ritual. The Japanese tea ceremony is deeply influenced by Zen Buddhism.

Japanese Cuisine - Seafood plays an important role in Japanese cuisine. Tofu or soy bean curd is a popular and healthy dish. Sushi and Sashimi are famous Japanese seafood.

Japanese Festivals - Famous Japanese festivals are Aomori Nebuta Festival, Hadaka Matsuri Festival, and Cherry Blossom Festival.

Japanese Kimono - Kimono is a traditional Japanese costume. It is a graceful full-length robe that falls from the wearer's shoulders to the ankles.

Ikebana - is the Japanese art of flower arrangement and is believed to have evolved from the Buddhist practice of offering flowers. It includes the ideas of aesthetics, spirituality, discipline and harmony with nature.

Japanese Painting - Japan has a long tradition of painting and woodblock printing. One of the famous Japanese painters, Utagawa Hiroshige (1797-1858) is famous for the Ukiyo-e or woodblock printing style of art. Another famous Japanese painter is Katsushika Hokusai (1760-1849) who is known for a series of woodblock prints depicting Mount Fuji. The best known among these is The Great Wave off Kanagawa.

Story of the Aged Mother

STORY OF THE AGED MOTHER
A Japanese Folktale by MATSUO BASHO

Long, long ago there lived at the foot of the mountain a poor farmer and his aged, widowed mother. They owned a bit of land which supplied them with food, and their humble were peaceful andhappy.Shining was governed by a despotic leader who though a warrior, had a great and cowardly shrinking from anything suggestive of failing health and strength. This caused him to send out a cruel proclamation. The entire province was given strict orders to immediately put to death all aged people. Those were barbarous days, and the custom of abandoning old people to die was not common. The poor farmer loved his aged mother with tender reverence, and the order filled his heart with sorrow. But no one ever thought a second time about obeying the mandate of the governor, so with many deep hopeless sighs, the youth prepared for what at that time was considered the kindest mode of death. Just at sundown, when his day’s work was ended, he took a quantity of unwhitened rice which is principal food for poor, cooked and dried it, and tying it in a square cloth, swung and bundle around his neck along with a gourd filled with cool, sweet water. Then he lifted his helpless old mother to his back and stated on his painful journey up the mountain. The road was long and steep; then arrowed road was crossed and recrossed by many paths made by the hunters and woodcutters. In some place, they mingled in a confused puzzled, but he gave no heed. One path or another, it mattered not. On he went, climbing blindly upward – ever upward towards the high bare summit of what is known as Obatsuyama, the mountain of the “abandoning of aged”. The eyes of the old mother were not so dim but that they noted the reckless hastening from  one path to another, and her loving heart grew anxious. Her son did not know the mountain’s many paths and his return might be one of danger, so she stretched forth her hand and snapping the twigs from brushes as they passed, she quietly dropped a handful every few steps of the way so that they climbed, the narrow path behind them was dotted at frequently intervals with tiny piles of twigs. At last the summit was reached. Weary and heart sick, the youth gently released his burden and silently prepared a place of comfort as his last duty to the loved one. Gathering fallen pine needle, he made a soft cushion and tenderly lifting his old mother therein, he wrapped her padded coat more closely about the stooping shoulders and with tearful eyes and an aching heart said farewell. The trembling mother’s voice was full of unselfish love as she gave her last injunction. “Let notthine eyes be blinded, my son. A” She said. “The mountain road is full of dangers. LOOK carefully and follow the path which holds the piles of twigs. They will guide you to the familiar way fartherdown”. The son’s surprised eyes looked back over the path, then at the poor old, shriveled hands all scratched and soiled by their work of love. His heart smote him and bowing to the grounds, he cried aloud: “oh, Honorable mother, thy kindness thrusts my heart! I will not leave thee. Together we will follow the path of twigs, and together we will die!”Once more he shouldered his burden (how light it seemed no) and hastened down the path,through the shadows and the moonlight, to the little hut in the valley. Beneath the kitchen floor was a walled closet for food, which was covered and hidden from view. There the son his mother,supplying her with everything needful and continually watching and fearing. Time passed, and he was beginning to feel safe when again the governor sent forth heralds bearing an unreasonable order, seemingly as a boast of his power. His demand was that his subject should present him with a rope of ashes. The entire province trembled with dread. The order must be obeyed yet who in all shining could make a rope of ashes?One night, in great distress, the son whispered the news to his hidden mother. “Wait!” she said. “Iwill think. I will think” On the second day she told him what to do. “Make rope twisted straw,” she said. “Then stretch it upon a row of flat stones and burn it there on the windless night. ” He called the people together and did as she said and when the blaze and died, behold upon the stones with every twist and fiber showing perfectly. Lay a rope of whithead ashes. The governor was pleased at the wit of the youth and praised greatly, but he demanded to know where he had obtained his wisdom. “Alas! Alas!” cried the farmer, “the truth must be told!” andwith deep bows he related his story. The governor listened and then meditated in silence. Finally he lifted his head. “Shining needs more than strength of youth, ” he said gravely. “Ah, that I should have forgotten the well-know saying, “with the crown of snow, there cometh a wisdom!” That very hour the cruel law was abolished, and custom drifted into as far a past that only legends remain.
REACTION

Our elders have gone through a lot in their lifetime.

I think it is important to respect our elders because they have experienced life and gone through a lot more than we have. I think history has shown that we are a successful, rich country. I don’t think we would have the freedom and the respect from other countries if it weren’t for our elders and their sacrifice to get us where we are today.

I respect my grandfather because he was captured and taken to a concentration camp during World War II. My grandfather escaped from a camp, ran into the woods and went into hiding for a year. My grandfather is one of the lucky Jews that survived because he had the will to live. Why shouldn’t he be respected?

I respect my parents because they are the ones that brought me in this world and have taken care of me until I was able to take care of myself. I personally have a lot of respect for my parents because they did a lot for me over the years. I wouldn’t have the education without them. They got me where I am today and I am sure it wasn’t easy for them. I believe they deserve thanks for everything they have done for me and thus deserve my respect.

The idea of the importance of respecting our elders raised many questions in my mind.

Do most even know what respect is?

Wikipedia defines respect as taking into consideration the views and desires of others and incorporating it into your decisions and being truthful to people.

Why shouldn’t we respect anyone?

I think everyone should be respected unless given a reason not to be. When you meet someone for the first time are you disrespectful? No. Why should you be? I think everyone deserves a chance and once you get to know the person you can decide based on your own values whether or not you should respect them.

I have a lot of younger cousins that respect me because I am older and know more about life than they do.

I don’t think elders should be singled out and immediately respected because they are older. Why shouldn’t respect go both ways? I think my friends respect me because I respect them.

I think it is important to understand what respect is and understand what your elders have gone through to get where we are today. I think everyone deserves the same amount of respect unless given a reason to be disrespected.

Tagalog trivia - tungkol sa hayop

TRIVIA tungkol sa hayop

Alam nyo ba na ang balat ng hippopotamus ay 1 1/2 inches ang kapal at ito ay bulletproof.
Alam nyo ba na gamit ang dila ay nililinis ng giraffe ang kanilang tenga.
Alam nyo ba na sa isang itlugan ang babaing mackerel ay nangingitlog ng mahigit sa 500,000.
Alam nyo ba na kapag na-upset ang mga hippos ay nagiging pula ang kanilang pawis.
Alam nyo ba na nakikilala ng chimpanzee ang kanilang sarili sa salamin, ngunit ang mga unggoy ay hindi.
Alam nyo ba na hindi nagkakasakit ang mga pating.
Alam nyo ba na kailangan ng minimum temperature na 66 degress Fahrenheit ng tipaklong para sila makatalon.
Alam nyo ba na ang tiyan ng isang hippopotamus ay 10 feet ang haba.
Alam nyo ba na noong 1350BC ang mga Egyptians ay gumagamit na ng condom. Gawa sila sa animal bladder at bituka ng hayup.
Alam nyo ba na 75% ng wild birds ay namamatay bago umabot ng anim na buwan.
Alam nyo ba na ang mga pating ay immune sa lahat ng uri ng sakit.
Alam nyo ba na ang bluefin tuna ay nakakalangoy ng 50 milya bawat oras.
Alam nyo ba ang ang red kangaroo ng Austria ay nakatalon ng 27 feet sa isang talunan.
Alam nyo ba na ang mga insekto ay nanginginig din kapag giniginaw.
Alam nyo ba na ang mga pusa, hindi ang mga aso ang most common pets sa America.
Alam nyo ba na noong 1816 ay ginamit na ang mga police dogs sa Scotland.
Alam nyo ba na ang mga hayop ay pwedeng right-handed o left-handed. At ang polar bears ay left-handed.
Alam nyo ba na ang woodpecker ay 20 ulit tumutuka sa loob lamang ng isang segundo.
Alam nyo ba na ang isda at mga insekto ay walang eyelids.

Advice To A Friend - Poem

Advice To A Friend

Don't ever fall in love my friend
you'll see it doesn't pay.

Although it causes broken hearts
it happens every day.

You'll wonder where he is at night
you'll wonder if he's true.

One moment you'll be happy
the next you'll be blue.

When it starts, I don't know why
You'll worry day and night.

You see my friend your love for him
it never turns out right.

Love is fine, But hurts so much
the price you pay is high.

If I could choose between life or death
I'm sure I'd rather die.

So don't ever fall in love my friend
you'll be hurt before you're through.

You see my friend
I ought to know.

I fell in love with you.

Friendship Advice - Poem

Friendship Advice

Friendship is something special,
it can not be bought or sold
Its value is far greater
than any silver or even gold

When times get rough,
they always seem to understand
Without being asked,
they comfort and lend a helping hand

Holding you up
when they think you will fall
No matter what,
they help you through it all

Friends lift you up,
when you are feeling low
They take you in
when you have no place to go

Never ever forget
or take such things for granted
For you can never re-sow
the seed that's already been planted

Take this to heart,
let it never be undone
In order to keep a friend
you must first be one

Honesty is something
that should always be your aim
With lies, their wounds may heal,
but nothing's ever the same

So cherish your friendship,
always be sincere
Open up your heart,
and it will never disappear

Advice To My Friend - Poem

Advice To My Friend

"The gentle flame will keep you warm
When you realise you're not alone,
And when the realisation rings true
That's when God is holding you.

Be the same person you are
Even when the times are hard,
Don't give up in yourself my friend
Be the best you possibly can.

Be brave, be bold, be true to you
People will love the inner you,
Don't hide no more, it's time to play
Light your candle enjoy your day.

Life is for living so stop your dreaming
Put your foot forward and enjoy the ride,
Don't leave things for another day
Make life a pleasant way to stay.

Take what they give you with kindness and grace
Allowing wisdom to guide your pace,
And in your quiet confidence you will find,
The perfection of all mankind.

Nail pusher

Nail pusher

A pusher, as its name implies, is used to push back excess cuticle growth; the spoon end is used to push back cuticle.

Kahulugan ng Pang-uri, Kaantasan ng Pang-uri, Kayarian ng pang-uri

Pang-uri

Ang pang-uri ay isang bahagi ng pananalita na binabago ang isang pangngalan, karaniwang sinasalarawan nito o ginagawang mas partikular ito. Gayon man, hindi kinikilalang uri ng salita sa pangkalahatan ang pang-uri; sa ibang salita, may mga ilang wika ang hindi gumagamit ng mga pang-uri.[pananangguni'y kailangan] Ang pang-uri ay nagbibigay ng turing sa isang pangngalan o panghalip. Ang mga pinakakinikilalang mga pang-uri ay iyong mga salita katulad ng malaki, matanda atnakakapagod na sinasalarawan ang mga tao, mga lugar, o mga bagay.

Kaantasan ng pang uri

1. Lantay – mga pang-uring naglalarawanng isangpangngalan opanghalip.Halimbawa:Mabango angbulaklak.Madilaw angbulaklak.

2. Paghahambing – naghahambing ngdalawang pangngalan o panghalipHalimbawa:Ang bata ay mas maikli kaysa lalaki.

3. Pasukdol –nagpapakita ngkasukdulan napaghahambing nghigit pa sadalawangpangngalan opanghalip.Halimbawa:Pinakamabilis siArman sa mgabatang atleta.

Kayarian ng pang-uri

1.      Payak – binubuo ng salitang ugat lamang.

Ha. Bilog , pula

2.      Maylapi – binubuo ng salitang-ugat na may panlapi.

§         Mga panlaping mapanuring na madalas na ginagamit:

/Ka-/ ay nagpapahiwatig ng katangian ng relasyon o pag-uugnayan ng higit sa

        isang taong binabanggit sa pangungusap.

          Hal. Kalahi,  kasundo

          /kay-/ ay nagpapakita ng katangian ng isang bagay na

                        inilalarawan.

                                Hal. Kayganda,   Kaysaya

          /ma-/ nagpapakita ng katangian ng pangngalan o

                       panghalip

                            Hal. Matalino,     Mahusay

          /maka-/ nagpapakilala ng pagkikiayon o pakikisama.

              Gumagamit ng gitling kapag ito ay

ikinakabit sa pangngalang pantangi.

Hal. Makabayan,  Maka-Diyos

/Mala-/ nagbibigay ito ng kahulugang kaanyo o kahawig ng anumang katangiang isinasaad

ng salitang-ugat.

Hal. Malarosas,   malaprinsesa

3.      Inuulit – binubuo ng salitang inuulit.

Ganap – buong salita ang inuulit

Hal. Sira-sira

Di-ganap – bahagi lamang ng salita ang inuulit

Hal. Matatamis

4. Tambalan – binubuo ng dalawang salitang-ugat na inuulit

          - Karaniwang kahulugan

                   Hal. Balikbayan

          - Matalinhagang kahulugan

                   Hal. Bukas-palad

Mother to Son - Poem

Mother to Son
BY LANGSTON HUGHES

Well, son, I’ll tell you:
Life for me ain’t been no crystal stair.
It’s had tacks in it,
And splinters,
And boards torn up,
And places with no carpet on the floor—
Bare.
But all the time
I’se been a-climbin’ on,
And reachin’ landin’s,
And turnin’ corners,
And sometimes goin’ in the dark
Where there ain’t been no light.
So boy, don’t you turn back.
Don’t you set down on the steps
’Cause you finds it’s kinder hard.
Don’t you fall now—
For I’se still goin’, honey,
I’se still climbin’,
And life for me ain’t been no crystal stair.

Uses of Sucrose, quinine, Acetaminophen, Ammonia, Magnesium hydroxide, Caffeine, Aspartame, Calcium carbonate, Potassium tartrate

Uses of Sucrose, quinine, Acetaminophen, Ammonia, Magnesium hydroxide, Caffeine, Aspartame, Calcium carbonate, Potassium tartrate

Sucrose forms a major element in confectionery and desserts. Cooks use it for sweetening — its fructose component, which has almost double the sweetness of glucose, makes sucrose distinctively sweet in comparison to other carbohydrates. It can also act as a food preservative when used in sufficient concentrations.

The FDA is also cautioning consumers about off-label use of quinine to treat leg cramps. Quinine is approved for treatment of malaria, but is also commonly prescribed to treat leg cramps and similar conditions.

Acetaminophen is a pain reliever and a fever reducer. Acetaminophen is used to treat many conditions such as headache, muscle aches, arthritis, backache, toothaches, colds, and fevers. Acetaminophen may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide.

Ammonia solutions are used to clean, bleach, and deodorize; to etch aluminum; to saponify (hydolyze) oils and fats; and in chemical manufacture. The ammonia sold for household use is a dilute water solution of ammonia in which ammonium hydroxide is the active cleansing agent.

Magnesium hydroxide also reduces stomach acid, and increases water in the intestines which may induce defecation. Magnesium hydroxide is used as a laxative to relieve occasional constipation (irregularity) and as an antacid to relieve indigestion, sour stomach, and heartburn.

Caffeine is most commonly used to improve mental alertness, but it has many other uses. Caffeine is used by mouth or rectally in combination with painkillers (such as aspirin and acetaminophen) and a chemical called ergotamine for treating migraineheadaches.

Aspartame is a low-calorie sweetener. It is used to sweeten a variety of foods and beverages and as a tabletop sweetener. Aspartame is about 200 times sweeter than sugar, tastes good, enhances citrus and other fruit flavors, saves calories and does not contribute to tooth decay.

Calcium carbonate is a dietary supplement used when the amount of calcium taken in the diet is not enough. Calcium is needed by the body for healthy bones, muscles, nervous system, and heart. Calcium carbonate also is used as an antacid to relieve heartburn, acid indigestion, and upset stomach.

Potassium tartrate, dipotassium tartrate or argol has formula K2C4H4O6. It is the potassium salt of tartaric acid. It is often confused with potassium bitartrate, also known as cream of tartar. As a food additive, it shares the E number E336 with potassium bitartrate.

Proper way of holding and handling cuticle nipper

Proper way of holding and handling cuticle nipper

Cuticle cutters are sharp instruments that cut smoothly. They are best used to remove hangnails and dead skin. They can also be used to clip nails. It’s important to use your cuticle cutters with caution, as damaging living tissue can lead to injury and infection. Here are some guidelines to properly using cuticle cutters during a manicure.

Soak your fingers in a bowl of warm water for several minutes. This will soften the cuticle and prepare it for grooming.

Choose good quality, stainless steel cuticle cutters. This will ensure the cleanest cut and lowest chance of nail damage.

Snip any hangnails as close to the base as possible. Cuticle cutters will allow you to get rid of all of your hangnails, without damaging living tissue.

Cut away any cuticle that is lifting away from the nail bed. Dead, dry skin around the nails can also be removed using the cuticle cutters.

Scrape the edges of your nail bed gently using the cuticle cutters. This will remove any dead cuticle build-up on top of your nails.

Smooth out nails and fine-tune manicures using cuticle cutters to remove rough edges. Clip small sections of your nail at a time when using the cuticle cutter.

Tips

Soften your cuticles with cuticle oil before using the cutters.

Pushing back the cuticle with an orange stick will help you find areas of dry and dead skin that need to be removed.

Discrimination brochure 2

Click here to view Microsoft Word document file

Age discrimination

Gender discrimination

Marital status discrimination

Physical appearance discrimination

Religious discrimination

Nationality discrimination

Click here to view Microsoft Word document file

Panahon ng Metal / Bakal

Mga ginagamit sa Panahon ng Metal / Bakal

Sa arkeolohiya, ang Panahon ng Bakal ay ang yugto ng kaunlaran ng sinumang tao na namamayani ang bakal sa pangunahing sangkap sa mga kagamitan at sandata. Kadalasang sumasabay ang mga ganitong paghiram sa mga ibang pagbabago sa lipunan, kabilang ang mga magkakaibang pagsasanay sa pagsasaka, mga paniniwalang pang-relihiyon at mga malasining mga istilo.

Sa kasaysayan, pinakahuling prinsipal na panahon sa sistema ng tatlong-panahon para sa pag-uuri ng mga lipunang bago ang kasaysayan, nauna ang Panahon ng Tanso. Nag-iiba ang petsa at konteksto ng panahong ito, depende sa bansa o rehiyong pang-heograpiya.

Discrimination brochure 1

Click here to view Microsoft Word document file

Age discrimination

Gender discrimination

Marital status discrimination

Physical appearance discrimination

Religious discrimination

Nationality discrimination

Click here to view Microsoft Word document file

Advantage of wearing PPE at work

Advantage of wearing PPE at work

Making the workplace safe includes providing instructions, procedures, training and supervision to encourage people to work safely and responsibly.

Even where engineering controls and safe systems of work have been applied, some hazards might remain. These include injuries to:

the lungs, eg from breathing in contaminated air

the head and feet, eg from falling materials

the eyes, eg from flying particles or splashes of corrosive liquids

the skin, eg from contact with corrosive materials

the body, eg from extremes of heat or cold

PPE is needed in these cases to reduce the risk.

When must PPE be used?

The fundamental principle is that personal protective equipment (PPE) should only be used as a last resort.

The safety and health of employees must be first safeguarded by measures to eliminate workplace risks at source, through technical or organisational means (e.g by substituting hazardous chemical ) or by providing protection on a collective basis (e.g providing scaffolding instead of harnesses).

Collective protective measures covering numbers of employees in a workplace must have priority over protective measures applying to individual employees.

If these measures are not sufficient, only then should PPE be used to protect against the hazards that are unavoidable.

Mga Katangiang ng Isang Mananaliksik

Mga Katangiang  ng Isang Mananaliksik

Limang katangiang esensyal upang maging matagumpay ang isang mananaliksik sa kanyang gawain

1. Masipag.

a. Kailangan niyang maging masipag sa pangangalap ng mga datos at pagsisiyasat

    sa lahat ng anggulo at panig ng pinapaksa ng pananaliksik.

b. Hindi maaaring doktorin ang resulta

c. Mahahalata kung naging tamad siya – kakulangan sa datos, katibayan, at mga

    hindi  mapangatwiranang konklusyon.

2. Matiyaga.

a. Kakambal ng sipag ang tiyaga

b. Kailangang maging pasensyoso ang isang mananaliksik.

c. Kailangan niyang pagtiyagaan ang pangangalap ng mga datos mula sa iba’t

    ibang hanguan.

3. Maingat.

a.Kailangang maging maingat ang isang mananaliksik

b.Lalo na sa dokumentasyon o sa pagkakilala sa pinagkunan ng datos at

   pinagmulan ng anumang ideya.

c.Kailangan upang maging kapani-paniwala ang mga resulta sa pananaliksik.

d.Maingat na tiyakin ang iba’t ibang panig ng pagksang sinisiyasat at maingat na

   tiyaking may sapat na katibayan o balidasyon.

4. Sistematik

a. Ang pananaliksik ay isang sistematikong gawain.

b. Kailangang sundin ng isang mananaliksik ang mga hakbang nito ayon sa

    pagkakasunod-sunod.

5. Kritikal o mapanuri.

a. Ang pananaliksik ay isang iskolarling gawain.

b. Pinaglalaanan ito ng buhos ng isip.

c. Kailangang maging kritikal o mapanuri ang isang mananaliksik sa pag-

    ieksamen ng mga impormasyon, datos, ideya, o opinyon upang matukoy kung

    ang mga ito’y valid, mapagkakatiwalaan, lohikal at may batayan.

d. Kailangan niyang timbang-timbangin ang katwiran ng mga impormasyon  

    upang kanyang mapagpasyahan kung alin sa mga iyon ang kanyang

    mapakikinabangan sa kanyang pananaliksik.

Canal de la Reina - Buod

Buod ng Canal de la Reina
ni: Liwayway A. Arceo

Bawat isa sa atin ay may kaniya-kaniyang pananagutan at responsibilidad sa mga bagay na ipinagkaloob at ipinaubaya sa atin. Ang pananakop ng mga iba’t ibang banyagang bansa sa Pilipinas at kung paano ito nasupil ng ating mga bayani ay naitala na sa bawat sulok ng ating kasaysayan subalit hanggang sa kasalukuya’y hindi pa rin ito natutuldukan.  Sa paksang ito umiikot ang kwento ng nobelang Canal de la Reina ng nobelistang si Liwayway A. Arceo. Ginagalugad nito ang iba’t ibang paraan ng mga karaniwang tao sa Maynila upang mabuhay at makatawid mula sa kahirapan. Inihambing ang ating kasaysayan sa nagdarahop na mamamayan na nakatira sa gilid ng ilog ng Canal de la Reina.

Dahil sa mahabang panahon na pagpapabaya, naging mahirap na para kay Caridad na mabawi ang lupang pinagsibulan ng kanyang kabataan mula sa isang tila buwitre na si Nyora Tentay na may kakayahang gawing katotohanan ang kasinungalingan, makatwiran ang baluktot, kabutihan ang panggagamit at salapi ang buhay.

Sa pagbabalik ni Caridad, isang nakapanlulumong tanawin ang tumambad sa kanya. Ang kanyang mga dalisay na ala-ala noong kabataan ay siya na ngayong nakalubog sa putik at nababalot ng masangsang na amoy. Ang karumihan at kasangsangan nito ay bumabalot hanggang sa ating lipunan- lipunan na minsang naging hitik sa bulaklak at malayang inilantad ng mga mamamayan nito ang kanilang karapatan, mahirap man o mayaman. Ani nga ni Caridad nang may larawang muling nabuhay sa kanyang gunita, “Ang ganda ng kawayan d’yan, parang preskung-presko at malayang-malaya ang hangin ngunit pihong labandera na ang nakatira ngayon d’yan.” Ganito na nga ba kalaki ang pagbabago ng ating bansa? Unti-unti na ngang nangangamatay ang mga magagandang tanawin dahil sa sibilisasyon, globalisasyon at kawalang disiplina ng bawat mamamayan nito at di rin magtatagal ang kasangsangan ay babalutin pati ang ating kaluluwa at pag-iisip. Unti-unti nating hinhukay ang sariling libingan ng ating bayan kung tulad ni Ingga ay patuloy tayong magpapaalipin at magpapatakot ‘di lamang sa mga dayuhan kundi pati na rin sa mapagmalabis na kapwa nating mga Pilipino na mayroong kapangyarihang paikutin ang buhay ng mga nakabababa.

Napalitaw ni Arceo ang kulay at dilim ng buhay sa likod ng mga payak na pangyayari sa pang-araw-araw na pamumuhay ng mga tauhan sa nobela. Ang mapag-arugang damdamin ng isang ina ay nagbigay diin sa karakter ni Caridad at Gracia sa magkaibang paraan. Ang una ay ang pagiging maunawaing maybahay ni Salvador at maaalalahaning ina nina Leni at Junior. Ang pangalawa nama’y ay ang pagiging matatag sa kabila ng kawalan ng katuwang sa pag-aaruga ng kanyang nag-iisang anak na si Geronimo. Kapwa naging biktima ng kasakiman ni Nyora Tentay ngunit parehong nakipagtunggali at hindi yumukod sa kalakaran ng lipunan. Si Caridad ay buong –tapang na nanindigan na bawiin ang lupang kinamkam ni Nyora Tentay subalit nagpakita pa rin ng kabutihan sa matanda nang ito ay nasiraan ng ulo. Habang si Gracia nama’y ibinalik ang naranasang kapaitan sa mag- inang sina Nyora Tentay at Victor ngunit ang pag-ibig pa din para sa huli ang namayani sa kanyang puso. Sila ang dalawang mukha ng mga Pilipino, hindi tiyak ang paroroonan ngunit tulad ng ilog ng Canal de la Reina sila’y patuloy na nakikipagsapalaran at nakikibaka sa kabila ng mga basurang nagpapasikip at nagpapahirap sa kanilang pag-agos sa buhay.

Ginamit ni Arceo ang tubig at pagbaha bilang siyang simbolo ng pagdalisay ng kaluluwa at ng natutuyong pamayanan nang sa gayo’y maaninag na ang panibagong simula at pag-asa. Kung tayong lahat ay magiging gaya ni Junior na napupuno ng pag-asa at pag-ibig para sa bayan, tiyak na maibabalik natin ang dating ganda at halimuyak ng ating “Canal de la Reina”. Sama-sama nating pagtibayin ang pundasyon at haligi ng bantayog ng pag-asa ng hinaharap, gaya nga ng sabi ni Jun: “Itatayo natin dito ang isang simbolo ng pagtindig ng isang bagong pamayanan na malaya. Malaya sa isang manunupil, tulad ni Nyora Tentay na larawan ng panunupil ng isang nasa kapangyarihan. Malaya ang isipan sa paghahayag ng tunay na damdamin.” Kailangang mabigyan natin ng kahulugan ang lupang ito, hindi lang lupang sinilangan natin o ng ating mg ninuno, kundi isang simbolo ng pagkagising at pagbabago tungo sa kaunlaran.

Sektor ng Lipunan

Sektor / Siktor / Sictor / Sector ng Lipunan

paniniwala/kaugalian 
pamilya
pamahalaan
kaibigan 
midya / medya
parke
palengke
simbahan